Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine that can have different causes, symptoms and types. It is most common in children and adolescents, especially girls. Symptoms include back pain, postural changes and reduced breathing capacity. It is diagnosed by physical examination and x-rays, and treatment includes observation, bracing, physiotherapy and surgery. This article will cover everything related to scoliosis, from symptoms and diagnosis to treatment and types.
Symptoms and diagnosis of scoliosis
Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that can develop gradually over time. Often, scoliosis does not cause pain and can be difficult to detect. For this reason, it is important to know the symptoms of scoliosis and to seek proper diagnosis and treatment if you suspect you have this condition.
What are the symptoms of scoliosis?
In many cases, scoliosis does not cause obvious symptoms. However, some symptoms that may indicate the presence of scoliosis include:
- Changes in posture, such as having uneven shoulders and hips or leaning to one side
- Back pain
- Reduced respiratory capacity
- Problems moving or rotating the trunk
Signs and symptoms to look out for
In addition to the symptoms already mentioned, there are some signs and symptoms to look out for when scoliosis is suspected. These include:
- The spine curves to one side
- Ribs may protrude more on one side than the other.
- One shoulder may be higher than the other.
- One of the shoulder blades may appear more prominent than the other.
How scoliosis is diagnosed
The diagnosis of scoliosis is usually made through a physical examination. The doctor may measure leg length, height, assess posture, and evaluate the symmetry of the shoulders and hips. When symptoms or signs of scoliosis are detected, the physician may order x-rays to confirm the diagnosis of scoliosis. X-rays can help determine the location of the curve, the extent of the curve, and whether or not there are any other problems associated with the scoliosis.
Causes of scoliosis
Scoliosis is a deformity of the spine, in which the spine curves to one side, forming a "C" or "S" shape. There are different types of scoliosis and each has different causes. This section will explain the causes of the most common type of scoliosis, the risk factors associated with scoliosis and the hereditary factors associated with scoliosis.
Risk factors associated with scoliosis
The exact causes of idiopathic scoliosis (the most common type) are unknown, but it is known that there are risk factors that may increase its occurrence:
- Female gender: girls are more likely to develop scoliosis than boys.
- Age: Scoliosis usually appears during the growth spurt of adolescence.
- Family history: children who have relatives with scoliosis are more likely to develop scoliosis.
- Neuromuscular diseases, such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy, can increase the likelihood of scoliosis.
- Spinal injury: Spinal injury can also be a risk factor for developing scoliosis.
Causes of the most common type of scoliosis
Idiopathic scoliosis is the most common type of scoliosis and its exact cause is unknown. It is thought to be related to genetic, hormonal, neuromuscular factors or a combination of these. It has been shown that people with scoliosis have altered neural activity in the brain, which may play a role in the development of this deformity.
Hereditary factors related to scoliosis
Hereditary factors may also be an important component in the development of scoliosis, as it has been observed that scoliosis tends to run in families. Several genes are known to be involved in the development of scoliosis, although the main gene has not yet been identified. In addition, it has been observed that children who have parents with scoliosis have an increased risk of developing scoliosis.
Treatment of scoliosis
What is the most effective treatment for scoliosis?
The most effective treatment for scoliosis depends on the severity of the curvature and the age of the patient. In general, treatment ranges from observation and physiotherapy to surgery.
Non-surgical treatments for scoliosis
Non-surgical treatments are used in patients with mild to moderate curvatures. One of the most common treatments is the use of orthopaedic braces which, although they do not correct the curvature, can prevent it from worsening. Specific exercises can also be performed to strengthen the back muscles and improve posture.
Orthopaedic corsets
Orthopaedic corsets are a kind of girdle that fits around the trunk and helps to correct the curvature of the spine. There are different types of braces depending on the area of the spine to be treated. Their effectiveness will depend largely on the constant use of the brace, as well as its ability to stop the progression of scoliosis.
Physical exercise and physiotherapy
In patients with a curvature of less than 20°, specific exercises are recommended to strengthen the back muscles and improve posture. In addition, physiotherapy can also help to reduce back pain and improve flexibility.
Surgical treatments for scoliosis
Surgery is reserved for more serious situations, such as in patients with curvatures of more than 40º or in those with a rapid worsening of the curvature. The most commonly used technique is rod-and-screw correction, in which metal implants are placed in the bones of the spine to correct the curvature. Although surgery can be effective, it can also carry risks and complications such as infection, blood loss and nerve damage.
Types of scoliosis
There are different types of scoliosis, each with its own characteristics, causes and symptoms. In this section, the four main types of scoliosis are described: idiopathic, neuromuscular, congenital and degenerative.
Idiopathic scoliosis
Idiopathic scoliosis is the most common type of scoliosis and its cause is unknown. It occurs most commonly in adolescent females and can be classified into three categories according to age and severity:
Infantile scoliosis
Infantile scoliosis usually develops before the age of 3 years and can progress rapidly. Babies with infantile scoliosis may require early treatment, such as bracing or surgery.
Juvenile scoliosis
Juvenile scoliosis begins in late childhood or puberty and has a high rate of progression. It is more common in girls than in boys.
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis occurs in adolescents and is the most common form of scoliosis. Most cases are mild, but some may require treatment with bracing or surgery.
Neuromuscular scoliosis
Neuromuscular scoliosis is caused by neurological or muscular disorders, such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy or neuropathy. This form of scoliosis can be more severe and progress rapidly.
Congenital scoliosis
Congenital scoliosis is caused by abnormalities in the formation of the vertebrae during foetal development. This form of scoliosis can vary in severity and may require surgical treatment in severe cases.
Degenerative scoliosis
Degenerative scoliosis is caused by the natural wear and tear of the spine due to ageing and can be aggravated by other factors such as osteoporosis. This form of scoliosis is more common in older people and can be treated with physiotherapy and surgery.
Prevention and advice for patients with scoliosis
Scoliosis can be prevented and treated with appropriate measures. Here are some tips for maintaining a healthy spine and preventing the onset or aggravation of scoliosis:
Taking care of the health of the spine
- Maintain correct posture when sitting, walking and sleeping.
- Strengthen the muscles of the spine with physiotherapy exercises.
- Maintain a healthy weight to avoid overloading the spine.
- Avoid sitting or standing in the same position for long periods of time.
- Avoid carrying a heavy backpack or bag on one shoulder.
- Regular sporting activity.
- Maintain good postural hygiene and do not bend the spine excessively.
Advice for people with scoliosis
- Perform specific exercises for scoliosis recommended by the physiotherapist.
- Wear an orthopaedic brace, prescribed and fitted by the specialist.
- Regular medical and physiotherapeutic consultation for appropriate follow-up.
- Monitoring and correcting muscular and postural imbalance.
Health care programmes and resources for patients with scoliosis
There are specialised medical care programmes and resources available for patients with scoliosis, ranging from medical monitoring and follow-up by the traumatologist to treatment and emotional support. Services may include physiotherapeutic careThe scoliosis programme provides information, advice and support services for both patients and their families. Scoliosis resources are also available through specialised associations and institutions, which provide information, advice and support services for both patients and their families.
Research and advances in scoliosis treatment
Scoliosis research has advanced significantly in recent years. The aim of this section is to present the most important advances in the treatment of scoliosis and the new techniques available for its treatment.
Clinical trials and innovative treatments
Clinical trials are conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of new treatments for scoliosis and to improve existing treatments. Studies and clinical trials are currently underway to evaluate the use of remote scoliosis correction devices, using artificial intelligence to assess disease status and to design personalised treatments. Some portable scoliosis correction devices are also being used on patients with good results.
New techniques in scoliosis surgery
Scoliosis surgery has undergone significant advances in recent times. Although traditional open surgery is still performed, new minimally invasive endoscopic operations, improved anaesthesia techniques and robotic surgery have been developed. Endoscopic surgery is becoming an alternative to open surgery, as it reduces the time spent in hospital and minimises the risk of postoperative complications.
Advances in MRI diagnostic technology
The development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology has enabled more accurate and earlier diagnosis of scoliosis. MRI is a non-invasive method that is being used to assess bone structure and early deformities in children with scoliosis. In addition, this technique allows better assessment of neurological complications and vertebral stability, which is important for treatment decisions.
Scoliosis at school and in everyday life
Medical care and education for children with scoliosis
Children with scoliosis may need specialised medical care, such as physiotherapy, follow-up consultations, and in more severe cases, surgery. It is important for parents and caregivers to be aware of the signs and symptoms of scoliosis, such as stooped posture, difference in shoulder or waist height, and back pain, and to take children to the doctor if necessary. At school, children with scoliosis may need special accommodations, such as adjustable desks, chairs with lumbar support, and extra time for tasks that require sitting for long periods of time. Teachers and school staff may also need information and training on how to help children with scoliosis.
How scoliosis affects daily life
Scoliosis can affect people's daily lives to varying degrees, from mild discomfort to more severe limitations. People with scoliosis may experience back pain, fatigue, shortness of breath and self-esteem issues due to physical appearance. It is important for patients to work closely with their doctor to develop a treatment plan that allows them to lead a normal, active life. Patients with scoliosis may also need adaptations at home, at work or in their physical activity. For example, they may need an ergonomic chair at work or a sleeping pillow for extra support. In addition, patients with scoliosis may consider physical activity options that are safe and appropriate for their condition, such as swimming or yoga.
Rights and resources for people with scoliosis
People with scoliosis have rights and resources that can help them manage their condition. For example, some insurance companies offer coverage for treatments and orthotic devices, such as custom braces or braces. In addition, there are support groups and organisations that provide information about scoliosis and emotional support for those affected. Online resources, such as discussion forums and medical information websites, are also available.